The
Temple of Artemis, considered to be one of the Seven Wonders of the World by
ancient writers, was situated by the marshes to the southwest of Ayasuluk Hill.
Its first construction was by the seaside. However this temple that stood by
the seashore is today 5 km. inland, due to the alluvial infilling of the bay.
Today there remains a 14 m. high column (its original height was 18.40 m.) in
the northeast, which was erected in 1973 with the aid of pulleys, an archaic
column pedestal, a part of which can be seen, and a pedestal dating from the
Late Classical period, which stood insitu right above the column. On the
western side, the court walls of the Archaic temple, the point where the
doorpost were attached, the traces of the Archaic marble stylobates, the southern
anta in the classical covering of the Archaic temple, the West and North edges
of the Archaic and Late Classical temples and the foundations of the
hekatompedos can still today be seen. The structures connected with the
foundation of the stairs leading to the platforn of the Late Classical temple
from the western court, the structures in the South of the foundation of the
hekatompedos (naiskos, channel, road and the apsed structure) and the Archaic
and Late Classical altar foundations can be seen. In the excavation area
covered with ground water, from time to time earlier structures in the court,
the traces of Temple C., the naiskos of the Temple or Kroisos and the cella
walls of the peripteros can be seen but this depends upon the level of the water
within this excavated area. According to Strabo this temple had been repeatedly
ruined and reconstructed. It was one of the Seven Wonders of the ancient World.
The oldest traces of the temple, which underwent many construction phases, date
from the 8th century B.C. This first temple was a peripteros planned structure
with 4 columns on its short sides and 8 columns on its long sides. In this
peripteros, the tetragonal platform surrounded by 6 columns functioned as the
pedestal ( baldaken) for the religious statue. From this earliest structure
only the pedestals of green schist that supported the wooden columns were found
during the excavation. This temple was believed to have been ravaged by the
Cimmerians.
The dipterous plan of the magnificent Temple of Hera in Samos made
the Ephesians jeleous and it was then that they decided to construct a temple
more magnificent than the Temple of Hera at Samos. Herodotus indicates this
structure was called the Temple of Kroisos because of the financial and mortal
support of the Lydians including the columns that were donated by Kroisos
during the construction of this Temple. Around 560 B.C. the construction of the
first great marble dipterous began on the east-west axis, known to have been
the Temple of Kroisos. The architects of the Archaic temple were from Samos,
Theodoros, Metagenes and Khersiphron. The Temple was situated in the marshes
and in order to create foundations in this marshy ground the recommendation of
the most prominent Samian artist, architect and sculptor, Theodoros, to put
wood charcoal and fleece under the foundations (temeun), was followed and
traces of charcoal and ash remains were found in the excavations. The
foundation were created by putting big slates on these chunks of charcoal.
Above this layer, polygonal marble panels, which constituted the surface of the
Stylobate, were bonded and the floor of the temple was created, measuring
approximately 55×115 m. Each of the columns (approximately 106 in number ) were
adorned with carved patterns on their lower sections ( Columnae Caelatae ),
with the load system on the Stylobate carrying the weight, each section
weighing more than 100 tons, with the marble roof pediments carrying carved
figurines and with carved marble roof tiles. However this roof didnt cover the
whole of the temple but only covered the peristyle. The inner area, called the
Sekos, was open to the sky and this was where the covered structure containing
the religious statue in the naos was kept. The construction of this 6th century
temple, that which is considered to have been one of the Seven Wonders of the
World, lasted for 120 years. However in 356 B.C. it was burned down by someone
who wanted through this action to immortalize his own name. Herostratos and
this layer of fire damage was found during the excavations.
After the temple
was burnt, the Ephesians began the reconstruction of th etemple. The architects
of the new temple were Paionios, Demetrios and Kheirokrates. In the 4th century
B.C. due to be rising sea level, a platform was constructed to prevent the
ground water from flooding the temple. Another line of columns was added to
this structure with stairs. In addition an opisthodomos was added to the West
facing rear side of the temple for the protection of the gifts that were donated
to the Goddness Artemis. Thus there were three lines of 9 columns in the rear
by the short sides and three lines of 8 columns in the front facing West. When
observed from the sides, it had 21 columns on each side in two rows. This
temple had in total 117 columns. In the depictions of the temple on coins, a
door in the roof was observed and it is said this door was made and functioned
as the place through which the Goddess Artemis watched the sacrifices that were
made in her honnor. According to the writings of Plinius (Pliny), the columns
of this Hellenistic Temple of Artemis were 18.40 m. high. When Alexander the
Great visited Ephesus, he offered to help in the construction of the temple and
requested that an inscription with his name be put in the temple. Thus
Alexander the Great would be famous, just like Kroisos was with his temple.
However the proud Ephesians politely turned down his offer, flatteringly
replying to his offer with the words” One God cannot give present to another”.
Despite this reply, Alexander the Great made financial contributions to be
construction of the temple and this wonderful temple was completed before the
end of the 4th century B.C. The commotion caused by the civil wars in Rome, the
economic problems and the alluvial infilling of the bay strained the financial
resources of the Temple of Artemis. The organized precautions, began under the
Council in the 6-5th centuries B.C., came into effect during the reign of
Emperor Augustus and all the borders, paths and drainage within the temenos
wall, which was made of ashlar stone blocks covered in inscribed notices, were
inspected and repaired. According to Strabo, the temenos wall was 1 stadion’s
distance from the temple and the temnos wall marked the border for those people
seeking sanctuary under the protection of Artemis. Later during the reign of
Emperor Titus (79-81A.D.), large scale renovations were conducted in the sacred
place.
The Artemision was ravaged by the Goths in 263 A.D. but the real
devastation came in 400 A.D. when the cult of Artemis ended and the altar,
along with the surrounding colonnade and pediment were destroyed. The torn down
temenos wall was reused during the Late Antique period in the construction of
the Church of Mary and the erection of the Bishop’s Place. Much material from
the Artemision was reused in the Basilica of St. John and in the construction
of its outer walls. The Temple of Artemis was discovered for the British Museum
in 1869 by the English railroad engineer J.T. Wood after a seven year seacrh, during
which he suffered badly from malaria. In these lengthy searches Wood found
another classical platform upon an Archaic podium, in the traces of the
foundation of the Late Classical temple and sent them to England, to the
British Museum. His successor on behalf of the British Museum, the Englishman
D.G. Hogarth recommenced excavations in 1904/05. Not only did he investigate
the temple of Artemis, but also the older foundations within the court of the
temple. New excavations, initiated by the Australian Museum of Archeology in
1965, continue today.
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